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A difference between paired means, 89 odds ratios, 149 pooled variance, 88 proportions, 130 regression, 174 sample size single mean, 83 single sample, 80 using t distribution, 85 CONSORT, 11 Continuity correction, 130, 157 Correlation coefficient, 177 Covariance, 169 Accept hypothesis, 108 Alpha error, 109 Approximate t test, 121 B Beta error, 109 Bonferroni correction, 114 Box plot, 60 C Case/control study, 10 Categorical data single variable, 125 two variables, 141 Chi-square distribution, 1.52 Chi-square test, 150 Class intervals, 38 Clinical trials, 7 Coefficient of variation, 59 Confidence intervals correlation, 179 definition, 81 difference between two means. 86 I D Data collection, 29 Data entry, 32 Data screening, 33 Degrees of freedom, 152 Distribution curve, 45 F , 119 Distributions chi-square for tables, 150 F-distribution, 84 normal, 63 Basic Statistics: A Primerfor the Biomedical Sciences, Fourth Edition. By Olive Jean Dunn and Virginia A. Clark Copyright @ 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 253254 INDEX t-distribution, 84 E Ellipse, 172 Expected frequencies, 150 Expected values, 150 Experiments, 7 F F distribution, 119 Field trials, 9 Fisher’s exact test, 156 Fourths, 55 Frequency polygon, 44 Frequency table construction, 38 relative, 40 G Graphs bar charts, 126 box plots, 61 distribution curve, 45 frequency polygon. 44 histograms, 41 pie charts, 126 stem and leaf, 36 Nonreponse, 3 1 Normal distribution area, 65 determination if normal, 72 distribution of means, 70 properties, 64 shape, 64 table, 66 Normal probability plots, 72 Null hypothesis, 96 0 Observational study, 3 Observational units, 14 Odds ratios, 147 Ordered array. 36 Ordinal data, 58 Outliers, 54 Outliers in regression, 184 P Pooled variance, 88, 118 Population, 14 Prevalence, 4 Proportions bar graphs, 127 pie charts, 127 Prospective study, 9 H Q Histograms, 41 Historical controls, 10 Quartiles, 55 Questionnaires, 29 I R Incidence rate, 4 Influential points, 184 Intercept, 170 Interquartile range, 54 Interval data, 59 Random numbers, 17 Range, 54 Ratio data, 59 Regression assumptions, 173 assumptions fixed-X model, 181 calculations, 168 confidence interval correlation, 179 confidence intervals, 174 correlation, 177 correlation test, 179 covariance, 169 intercept, 170 interpretation, 170 least-squares line, 170 line, 168 outliers, 184 plotting line, 170 residuals, 170 scatter diagram, 166 slope, 169 standard error of estimates, 172 L Level of evidence, 11,99 Linear interpolation, 68 Log transformation, 76 M Mann-Whitney U test, 195 McNemar’s test, 156 Mean, 50 Meta-analysis, 8 Mode, 52 N Natural logarithm, 149 Nominal data, 58INDEX straight line, 168 tests, 176 transformations, 183 Reject hypothesis, 109 Relative risk, 146 Residuals, 170 Risk factor, 4 S Samping stratified, 15 Sample size two means, 11 1 two proportions, 136 Sampling case/control, 23 chunk samples, 21 economical, 20 experiments, 21 prospective studies, 23 random samples, 15 replacement, 19 simple random, 15, 17 surveys, 20 systematic, 16 Scatter diagram, 166 Sign test, 190 Skewed distributions, 77 Slope, 169 Spearman’s correlation, 198 Standard deviation, 52 Standard error of the mean, 85, 101 Stem and leaf, 36 Stevens’classification, 58 Student’s t distribution, 84 Student’s t test, 104 Summary of procedures for tests, 100 Surveys, 6 Survival analysis Kaplan-Meier estimates, 212 censored data, 203 clinical life tables, 208 comparing groups, 215 cumulative death density, 205 death density, 204 hazard function, 207 regression, 216 survival functions, 207 255 time to event, 202 T Tests approximate t test, 121 correlation, 179 equality of mean, 103 equality of means paired data, 107 equality of means using pooled variance, 104 equality of two proportions, 134 equality of variances, 118 nonparametric, 190 one-sided, 99 proportions, 133 regression coefficients, 176 sample mean, 96 sign test, 190 single mean with s, 101 Wilcoxon rank sum test, 195 Wilcoxon signed ranks test, 192 Transformations regression, 183 Two-way frequency tables, 141 Two-way tables chi-square for large tables, 158 components of chi-square, 160 confidence intervals, 149 continuity correction, 157 d.f. large tables, 159 Fisher’s exact test, 156 interpreting the results, 160 matched samples, 144 odds ratios, 147 relative risk, 146 sample size, 156 sample size for large tables, 161 single sample, 142 two samples, 143 v Variables, 14 Variance, 53 test for equality, 118 W Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, 195 Wilcoxon rank sum test, 195 Wilcoxon signed ranks test, 192